are fatigue, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, frequent cramps in the calf muscles, and swelling. Complications of varicose veins are acute thrombophlebitis, varicose rupture with bleeding, and chronic venous insufficiency with the development of trophic ulcers.
Cholelithiasis

It is characterized by the formation of stones in the gallbladder, as well as in the hepatic and bile ducts. It should be noted, that women are most susceptible to this disease. After 40 years, stones are found in 32% of women and 16% of men. Основной причиной камнеобразования является нарушение обменных процессов и инфицирование желчи.Cholelithiasis практически всегда сопровождается приступами желчной колики или острого холецистита. Complications of cholelithiasis are caused either by the addition of an infection (acute cholecystitis), or by the migration of stones (development of obstructive jaundice), or by a combination of them (acute cholecystitis with blockage of the biliary tract, cholangitis). During studies, it was found that obesity and overweight in humans at the age of 18 increase the risk of death from breast cancer. However, it has also been noted that obese postmenopausal women no longer have an increased risk of breast cancer, most likely due to the protective effect of weight gain in women during this period.

The main causes of gallstone disease are: • obesity; • diabetes mellitus; • pregnancy; • genetic predisposition; • inflammatory processes in the gallbladder and biliary tract. In addition to the above diseases, there is a relationship between the presence of excessive body fat and obesity and an increased risk of developing oncological diseases of the esophagus, gallbladder, pancreas, breast, kidney, uterus, cervix and prostate gland. In many studies, a clear relationship has been traced between body mass index and the development of colon cancer in both men and women.

Prevention of obesity

To prevent the appearance and development of obesity, it is first necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, which includes proper nutrition and physical activity. Of course, there are also environmental factors, but, unfortunately, we cannot influence them. Often, the chronic lack of time that makes up the lifestyle of a modern person does not allow you to spend hours in the gym or fitness club. However, in most cases, the main reason for a sedentary image life and all related diseases is not a lack of time, but the inability to clearly plan your daily routine. After all, time itself will not appear from anywhere, it has to be calculated, often to the detriment of other activities. По этой причине многие люди, задавшись целью избавиться от избыточного веса и начать здоровый образ жизни, через некоторое время возвращаются к тому, от чего ушли.It should be noted, что дефицит времени является следствием не столько неумения, сколько нежелания внести в жизнь порядок. Agree, if there is not enough time for something, then somewhere you spent it in vain. Many people, in particular women, easily find time to watch their favorite TV shows and have long conversations with friends over a cup of coffee. Of course, rest and communication with friends are important components of a person’s life, but you must admit that health and beauty are still more important. At first glance, the treatment of obesity is not particularly difficult: eat less and move more. However, according to the US National Institutes of Health, 95% of patients cannot maintain their reduced body weight.

Many of you will quite rightly point out that the very concept of "life planning" sounds boring. However, there is no alternative in this case, because if you do not set aside time in advance to improve your own health, the situation will not change. For more convenient planning of a daily or weekly routine (the second option is more preferable), we recommend that you start a diary. In addition to the planned cases, you should leave some time in the diary for unforeseen circumstances. For example, reserve an extra day for fitness classes to replace one that might be cancelled. If the workout is not missed, during the free scheduled time, you can go to the same cup of coffee with a friend or relax in front of the TV. Such a schedule will allow you to clearly plan your time without missing anything important. As for proper nutrition, it involves the implementation of fairly simple rules, the main of which is diet. In other words, you need to eat on time, do not overeat, drink only purified water. It should also be borne in mind that the basis of proper nutrition is not caloric content, but balance. In ancient China, it was believed that during the day the human body should receive all five tastes: sweet, salty, bitter, sour and spicy.

It is very important to eat foods in their original state and as little as possible. heat them up. Food should not be hot or cold. As for sugar, it is preferable to replace it with honey and sweet fruits. Of course, a balanced diet involves minimal consumption of meat, salt and alcohol, and it is better to completely refuse canned and smoked foods. The absence of any nutrients is fully compensated by high-quality dietary supplements containing the necessary minerals and vitamins. Drink more water and natural juices. This replenishes fluid reserves in the body, which contributes to the rapid elimination of various viruses and bacteria. A glass of cold water on an empty stomach helps cleanse the gastrointestinal tract, stimulating its work and thereby improving digestion. After prolonged physical activity, drink lightly salted water, which is necessary to replenish the amount of fluid in the body and restore strength. Very useful, especially for obesity, are infusions of herbs and berries. Never drink carbonated water and tea after meals. The fact is that the oxygen contained in carbonated water reacts with hydrochloric acid, which is actively released in the stomach after eating. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, resulting in bloating and pain. As for tea, drinking tea after a meal dilutes the gastric juice, and, accordingly, worsens digestion. We will talk more about proper nutrition in another section of the book.

Metabolism and energy expenditure

As we have already noted, metabolism is of great importance in the process of weight loss, so the only effective way to lose weight is to use fat as an energy source for metabolism. The human body constantly uses energy to support life and work. The amount of energy consumption is determined by the following factors: • age (the older the person, the less energy the body consumes); • temperament (the more active a person leads, the greater the amount of energy consumption of his body); • sex (the male body consumes much more energy, than female); • sexual life (the intensity of sexual activity largely determines the total energy consumption). Due to the fact that the body receives the necessary energy from food, no matter how much you eat, only the part that is necessary to cover energy needs will be used. Accordingly, all excess is converted into fat. In the event that the energy consumption of the body exceeds the energy intake, the body receives the necessary energy from fat cells. Thus, in order to lose weight, you need to tune your body to increase energy consumption. Very often, people who are striving for significant weight loss underestimate the so-called predisposition of the body to obesity, which is determined precisely by metabolism. The essence of metabolism is the balance of the processes of destruction and restoration of energy received from food, therefore, the correct metabolism is possible only under the condition of balance. However, in most cases, one of the processes predominates in the body. In the event that the processes of decay and energy production predominate, a person loses weight. If accumulative processes predominate, the person is overweight. The regulation of metabolism, like all other processes in the body, is closely interconnected with the nervous system. Thus, the general state of the body is determined by the organization of nerve regulatory centers. The hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of metabolism, in which there are two departments - ergotic and trophic. The ergotic department regulates the rate of energy production, and the trophic department regulates building and accumulation processes. At present, in many countries, the prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Back in 1997, the World Health Organization announced that obesity had become a global epidemic and posed a serious threat to public health due to an increased risk of comorbidities, including arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease and type II diabetes mellitus. It has also been noted that the sharp increase in the incidence of type II diabetes in recent years coincides with an increase in the prevalence of obesity.

If for some reason the tone of the ergotic department is increased, the person loses weight. The increased tone of the trophic section leads to excess body fat. Thus, the regulatory shift is a stable deviation of metabolism in one of the above-described sides on the basis of a steady change in the tone of the corresponding parts of the brain. Consequently, the regulatory shift is facilitated by various factors that affect the regulatory centers of the brain.

The effect of weight loss on fat cells

The theory of fat cells states that their numbers never decrease. Only their cellular composition changes. In other words, a person is overweight because the number of fat cells is a constant value. Try not to sleep after dinner, because afternoon naps contribute to the accumulation of fat in the body. Much better than walking.

There is another opinion based on the presence of cells of two sizes in adipose tissues. From the point of view of evolutionary development,