Are you overweight? It is difficult to imagine yourself sick if only once a year clothes are changed to a larger size, if the family has a tradition of tasty and plentiful food.
Acquaintances and friends comfort: there should be a lot of a good person, that fat people are kinder. Doctors of all specialties insist – lose weight. Obesity is a chronic progressive disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and metabolic disorders in the human body.
Prevalence of obesity

Obesity occurs among people of all ages. Lots of fat people. Over the past 20 years, the prevalence of obesity has tripled and has now reached epidemic proportions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 30% of the world’s inhabitants are overweight, of which 16.8% are women and 14.9% men, if no action is taken to solve this problem, then, according to forecasts, by 2010 from obesity will affect 150 million adults and 15 million children and adolescents.
History of the study of obesity

In ancient times, fullness was considered a sign of well-being, prosperity and health. An example is the painting of the Renaissance, paintings by Russian artists. Over the past 100 years, obesity has become one of the main social concerns. The industrialized countries of Europe, America, Russia are studying obesity, which is becoming a costly health problem.
obesity symptoms

The main symptom of the disease is a gradual increase in body weight, which leads to shortness of breath during physical exertion, limited mobility. People with these symptoms are happy to eat any food, they have an increased appetite. In a biochemical blood test, a change in cholesterol and glucose levels is possible. The disease is based on excessive accumulation of fat, leading to an increase in body weight by 20% or more from the average normal values.
Causes of obesity

Overeating is the main cause of obesity, including childhood (adolescent) obesity. Easily digestible carbohydrates and an excess of fats (mainly of animal origin), cholesterol, sugar and salt predominate in food. An insufficient amount of protein foods, complex carbohydrates, which are found in vegetables, fruits and the shell of cereals, is used. The body weight of our body is a constantly changing value, depending on genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyle, malnutrition, propensity to stress. Smoking and alcohol abuse are an additional risk of developing obesity. Unlike most newborn animals, human babies are born nourished by their fat cells. In the fetus, the division of fat cells occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy, their number is genetically determined if the mother eats rationally. By overfeeding the fetus during this period, the mother creates a prerequisite for the additional formation of fat cells – the reasons for the future predisposition of the child to be overweight. It has been proven that after birth, the number of fat cells remains almost constant throughout life.
Prevention of obesity

With obesity in children and adults, it is necessary to prevent hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to a high risk of developing cardiovascular complications, early disability of patients, and premature death. Nutrition should be dietary, and lifestyle mobile. Such nutrition is aimed at gradual weight loss. A mandatory consultation with an endocrinologist is necessary to exclude diseases of the endocrine system, in which overweight is only a manifestation of these diseases, and it is impossible to cure such obesity without a diet and serious treatment.

Complications of obesity

Complications of obesity опасно осложнениями для « доброго», « большого человека»:

metabolic syndrome.
Diabetes mellitus type 2.
Coronary heart disease
Myocardial infarction.
Stroke.
arterial hypertension.
Chronic venous insufficiency.
Cholecystitis.
Cholelithiasis.
Arthritis.
Deforming osteoarthritis.
Herniated discs.
Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Oncological diseases.
This is not a complete list, let’s talk about the diagnosis and treatment of obesity in order to prevent the development of complications.
Diagnosis of obesity

The ideal body weight is determined by the formula: for men 48 kg + height (see) -150, and for women 45kg + height (see) -150. In the developed countries of the world, tables have been developed to calculate the ideal body weight. It is important that in children and pregnant women the diagnosis of obesity is determined after a mandatory consultation with the necessary specialists: an endocrinologist, a neurologist, urologist, etc. The accumulation of fat can be uniform in all tissues and parts of the body, which is typical for alimentary obesity, or the accumulation of adipose tissue occurs in certain places: like an “apple”, fat deposition in the abdomen and shoulder girdle, in men and type “pear”, the deposition of fat in the thighs and buttocks, in women. Fat deposition is possible in the shoulders, face, abdomen, back and in the supraclavicular region. Unlike adults in children and adolescents, such obesity is accompanied by growth retardation. It is necessary to consult an endocrinologist to rule out a disease of the pituitary gland and adrenal glands. By determining the body mass index (BMI), you can determine the degree of obesity. BMI is the ratio of body weight to height squared. BMI is calculated using the formula:
BMI (kg / sq.m.) = Body weight in (kg.): Height (sq.m.).
Classification of overweight and obesity (WHO, 1998):
Body weight deficiency<18.5kg/sq.m. Normal body weight 18.5-24.9 kg/sq.m.
Overweight 25.0-29.9 kg/sq.m.
Obesity of the 1st degree 30.0-34.9 kg/sq.m.
Obesity of the 2nd degree 35.0-39.9 kg / sq.m.
Obesity of the 3rd degree>40.0 kg/sq.m.
Note that BMI is not reliable in the elderly over 65 years of age, athletes, pregnant women and children. Another way to determine body weight by Broca’s index is used for growth rates of 155-170 cm, in which the ideal body weight is height (in centimeters) minus 100.
obesity treatment

How to treat obesity? It is important that only qualified medical specialists should be involved in the treatment of obesity, the fact is that the fight against obesity is not an easy task for doctors of many specialties at once. Often, not only endocrinologists and nutritionists have to work with patients, but also psychiatrists (psychotherapists), gastroenterologists, cardiologists and surgeons. Obesity can be defeated only by the joint efforts of doctors and the patient. I think it makes no sense to discuss methods of weight loss with the help of magic pills, complete refusal of food, magical rites. Having tried and disappointed in such methods, the patient “misses time” with a bouquet of concomitant diseases comes to the doctor. obesity treatment на сегодняшний день – это комплекс мер, начиная с основы: полного обследования пациента для выявления причины ожирения и сопутствующих заболеваний, proper and rational nutrition, the appointment of a “healthy menu”: reducing the consumption of animal fats and simple carbohydrates, increasing the intake of dietary fiber and vitamins contained in vegetables and fruits, regular fractional meals during the day, a break between meals no more than three hours. Daily dosed physical activity, physiotherapy and SPA procedures, therapeutic measures should be carried out for a long time, stepwise with the consolidation of the results obtained and the prognosis for the treatment of obesity will be favorable, if necessary, prescribe drug therapy. The goal of obesity treatment is to reduce body weight by at least 10% of the original. Therapy is recommended for all patients with a BMI above 27 kg/m 2 or patients with a BMI below 27 kg/m 2, but there are concomitant diseases: arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, gout, severe osteoarthritis. With BMI above 35-40 kg / m 2, surgical treatment is possible. Currently, methods of therapeutic fasting and other methods of treating obesity have been developed, such as: gastric bypass, adjustable gastric banding. The assessment of the need for surgical intervention is determined by the medical consultation. The above methods are effective only in combination and on the condition that the patient accurately fulfills all prescriptions, if the patient-child, the whole family must follow nutritional recommendations in order to defeat obesity. If you are healthy, then, as folk wisdom says: “Eat breakfast yourself, share lunch with a friend, and give dinner to the enemy.” If you are overweight, check with your doctor.