поля зрения вплоть до т. н. tubular vision, when the patient sees only what is directly in front of his eyes, and everything that is on the sides, above and below is solid black. Perimetry allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. If a за определенный промежуток времени при назначенном лечении не произошло существенного сужения поля зрения, это значит, что было достигнуто достаточное снижение ATГД.
The structures of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye are difficult to view without the help of a special gonioscopic lens. The presence of mirrors in the latter allows light to penetrate into the angle of the anterior chamber and allows the doctor to evaluate its structure.
Treatment. For some patients, it is enough to prescribe drops to reduce pressure in order to stop the further development of glaucoma. In any case, pressure drops are the first stage of glaucoma treatment, which is prescribed to all patients when making a diagnosis. There are several groups of drugs in drip form that reduce IOP. With insufficient effect from one drug, a combination of them is prescribed.
Surgery is indicated when medical treatment does not lower IOP to normal levels or stop the progression of glaucoma. There are many different anti-glaucoma surgeries. Some of them are done with a laser on an outpatient basis, some are accompanied by an opening of the eyeball and are performed in the operating room. Цель большинства антиглаукомных вмешательств – увеличить патологически сниженную скорость оттока водянистой влаги из eyes. Only a small number of operations are aimed at reducing moisture formation.
The opinion about the sufficiency of one operation for glaucoma is deeply erroneous. Glaucoma cannot be cured by surgery. The disease remains for life, the operation only reduces the pressure. The pressure drop after surgery is not permanent. Usually after a few years intraocular pressure again becomes high. Hence the conclusion: after the operation, you need to continue to periodically be observed by a doctor and measure intraocular pressure.

Dacryocystitis

Dacryocystitis – воспаление слезного мешка, который находится между носом и внутренним углом век. It usually occurs due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct, which conducts tear fluid into the nasal cavity. Pathogenic bacteria accumulate in the bag, and inflammation develops. Dacryocystitis может быть острым или хроническим. Its immediate causes can be congenital obstruction of the lacrimal ducts, trauma, any infectious disease of the eye or its consequences.
Often the lacrimal sac becomes inflamed in newborns. There is even a separate term "dacryocystitis of newborns" in ophthalmology. This happens due to the underdevelopment of the lacrimal ducts in babies, which contributes to the easy occurrence of obstruction. Often the infection recurs several times, but eventually the problem clears up on its own as the child grows. In adults, dacryocystitis can develop as a complication of damage or inflammation of the nasal passages. In most cases, however, the cause is unknown.
Signs of dacryocystitis. Обычно возникает с одной стороны, невыносимое слезотечение, болезненность, покраснение и отек во внутреннем углу глаза, выделения из eyes.
Diagnostics. The examination reveals the severity of inflammation and the presence of combined ocular pathology.
Treatment for dacryocystitis depends on the age of the patient, whether it is acute or chronic, and what causes it. Newborns are first given a gentle massage of the lacrimal sac projection to try to resolve the duct blockage, in combination with antibacterial drops and ointments to suppress infection. Surgery may be needed if conservative treatment fails. Before the operation, the doctor prescribes massive antibiotic therapy to avoid infectious complications, including from the brain, since venous blood from this area can enter the cranial cavity, and under appropriate conditions, a brain abscess or purulent encephalitis can develop. The operation is performed under general anesthesia. The meaning of the operation is to restore normal communication between conjunctival cavity and nasal cavity.
In adults, you can try to achieve patency of the lacrimal ducts by forced washing with disinfectant solutions. In cases where medical treatment does not help or the disease has become chronic, there is a need for surgical treatment. In such situations, endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is usually performed, when incisions are made not from the side of the skin, but from the side of the nasal mucosa. A more painful, but also more reliable option in the absence of the necessary equipment or experience is the classic dacryocystorhinostomy through conventional access. The result that is being achieved is the restoration of the normal flow of the lacrimal fluid.

farsightedness

farsightedness, или гиперметропия, характеризуется недостаточной оптической силой eyes. Лучи света редко бывают сходящимися, когда подходят к поверхности eyes. As a rule, they diverge from their source in different directions, and at best they go as a beam of parallel rays. And in order to get a clear image of an object on the retina, which is the basis of the foundations of normal vision, the optics of the eye - the cornea and the lens - need to strongly refract the rays of light so that they all become converging. Moreover, they converged so much that after 23 millimeters of their journey inside the eye they converged at one point on the retina. farsightedness чаще возникает, когда длина глаза меньше 23 миллиметров, и лучи света просто «не успевают» сфокусироваться на сетчатке. Instead of a single clear point, a blurry spot of light is projected onto the retina. Часто бывает сочетание недостаточной оптической силы роговицы и хрусталика с короткой длиной eyes. Much less often, farsightedness occurs due to only the weakness of the optics with a normal length of the eyeball.
Farsightedness symptoms. Farsighted people usually see poorly up close, but vision can be blurry when looking at distant objects. Молодые, а тем более юные люди со слабой или средней дальнозоркостью часто не имеют проблем со зрением, поскольку их естественный хрусталик может приспосабливаться или аккомодировать для увеличения оптической силы eyes. However, with age, accommodation is gradually lost, and patients notice a progressive deterioration in near vision.
So, the main signs of farsightedness: poor near vision, плохое зрение вдаль (при больших степенях дальнозоркости), повышенная утомляемость глаз при чтении, перенапряжение глаз при работе (головные боли, жжение в глазах), косоглазие и «lazy» глаза у детей (амблиопия), частые воспалительные болезни глаз (блефариты, ячмень, chalazion, conjunctivitis).
Diagnosis of farsightedness. Hypermetropia is determined when checking vision on a phoropter or computer-assisted autorefractometry. The optical power of the cornea is measured by keratometry, and the length of the eye is measured by echobiometry. farsightedness у молодых пациентов проверяют после расширения зрачка, что расслабляет аккомодацию и делает скрытую дальнозоркость явной.
Treatment of farsightedness. Correction of farsightedness depends on many factors, such as the age of the patient, his occupation, the degree of farsightedness, the presence of concomitant pathology.
In addition to the classic spectacle or neoclassical (since the middle of the last century) contact correction, there are more modern post-industrial technologies for correcting any degree of farsightedness. All hypermetropia correction methods are aimed at increasing the optical power of the eye in order to force the light rays to focus on the retina. Currently, the most common methods of surgical correction of farsightedness are LTK, clear lens replacement, LASIK, positive lens implantation, and TCC.

color blindness

color blindness, неспособность правильно определять те или иные цвета, может иметь наследственную природу или быть вызванным заболеванием зрительного нерва или сетчатки. Acquired color blindness occurs only in the eye, where the retina or optic nerve is affected. It also has a progressive deterioration over time and difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow.
Hereditary color blindness is more common, affects both eyes, and does not worsen over time. itт вариант дальтонизма в разной степени выраженности присутствует у eight % мужчин и 0,four % женщин. Hereditary color blindness is associated with the X chromosome and is almost always transmitted from the mother - the carrier of the gene to the son.
color blindness может быть частичным (связанным с отдельными цветами) или полным (связанным со всеми цветами). Complete color blindness is very rare and is usually associated with other serious congenital conditions. eye defects.
Photoreceptors called cones are responsible for color perception in the human retina. Cones are concentrated in the central region of the retina, the macula, and come in three types: the first contains a pigment that is sensitive to red, the second to green, and the last to blue. Problems with color perception appear when one or more of the pigments are completely absent, functionally non-working, or it is present in insufficient quantities. Normal color vision is called trichromacy. In a situation of insufficient synthesis of one pigment (by the way, the most common one), one speaks of abnormal trichromasia. BUT дихромазия, согласно логике, характеризуется полным отсутствием одного пигмента в сетчатке.
Signs (symptoms). Manifestations of color blindness are individual in each case and diverse, as is the number of colors and shades in the rainbow. Fortunately, serious color vision disorders are much less common than mild ones. With partial color blindness, there are: problems with distinguishing red and green colors (most often), problems with distinguishing blue and green colors (less often). Symptoms of more serious congenital (rarely acquired) forms of color blindness may include: everything looks different shades of gray, poor visual acuity, nystagmus.
Diagnostics. color blindness определяется на специальных полихроматических таблицах Рабкина. Each table consists of many colored circles and dots, the same in brightness, but slightly different in color. In this way, дальтонику, не различающему присутствующие в таблице цвета, таблица предстанет однородной, а человек с нормальным цветоощущением (нормальный трихромат) разглядит цифру или геометрическую фигуру, составленные из кружков одного цвета.
Treatment. color blindness в настоящее время никак не лечится. Individuals with mild forms of color blindness learn to associate colors with certain objects and are usually able to identify colors in everyday life, just like people with normal color vision. However, their sense of colors is