Inessa Alexandrovna Shipilina, Igor Vyacheslavovich Samokhin Fitness sports: a textbook for students

INTRODUCTION

Recently, interest in physical culture, in new trends in the world of sports, has increased significantly. The new buzzword "fitness" has entered our vocabulary. Fitness - (fitness, adaptability), is the development of all physical qualities necessary for everyday life.
Fitness clubs equipped with modern exercise equipment, more and more new directions in fitness aerobics, festivals, conventions, male and female bodybuilding, bodybuilding, male and female fitness, body fitness, kettlebell lifting, powerlifting, arm wrestling. All these directions contribute to the development of mass improvement of the population by means accessible to each person.
With birth, a person is inherited by the type of physique and some certain physical qualities, some of which are poorly developed in him. The earlier weaknesses in his physical development are revealed, the more likely they are to be corrected with the help of special exercises. Therefore, for the uniform development of physical qualities, athletes need to include general developmental and special exercises in their training, with the help of which they can develop or improve all fitness qualities: strength, flexibility, endurance and agility. Isolated work on certain muscle groups with weights, taking into account the type of physique, will allow them to be improved to the desired result, to acquire the necessary muscle relief and a harmoniously developed proportional figure, which is one of the important factors in assessing the external data of athletes performing in the fitness class, as well as demonstrate the acquired physical qualities in the implementation of complex elements of acrobatic training in a free program.
The lack of special literature for the training of athletes in the "fitness" class led to the idea of ​​systematizing the accumulated knowledge in this manual.

HISTORY OF FITNESS SPORT DEVELOPMENT

MALE BODYBUILDING

Bodybuilding from (“body” - body, “building” - structure) - the structure of the body with the help of strength training with weights.
At the end of the 19th century, a new interest arose in strong men - not in their physical strength as a means of survival and self-defense, but in the harmonious development of the muscles of the human body, embodied in ideal images of ancient Greece.
The role model resembled the perfect proportions of the statues of ancient Greek athletes. One of those for whom the improvement of physical culture has become a real cult was the publisher and businessman Bernard McFadden - a man who can serve as a standard of fanatical devotion to a healthy lifestyle. He created a magazine called "Physical Culture" in which he advocated the idea that physical weakness is a sign of immorality. From 1903, he held a series of competitions for the title of "America's Most Perfect Man" in New York City, which were successful for several decades. Thus, Bernard McFadden played a big role in the evolution of bodybuilding.
In 1939, a competition was held for the title of "Mr. America" ​​and organized by the Union of Amateur Athletes (CSU). In 1940, the first real bodybuilding competition was held, the winner of which was John Grimek, whose posing skills became legendary: he could stand on stage for more than half an hour in one performance, taking poses that required extraordinary strength, flexibility and coordination of movements from a person. The popularity of bodybuilding grew every year, and new stars were born. These are Stephen Reeves, Bill Pearl, Chuck Cipes, Reg Park, Sergio Oliva, Dave Draper and other athletes. In the 1960s, there were two separate bodybuilding worlds: Europe and America.
Winning the title "Mr. Universe" in 1967 and 1968 made Arnold Schwarzenegger famous in Europe. They wrote about him: "If Hercules were born today, then his name would be Arnold Schwarzenegger."
In 1970, he won the titles of "Mr. World" according to the CCO classification, "Mr. Universe" according to the SAB classification and "Mr. Olympia" according to the MFB classification. From 1970 to 1975, Arnold Schwarzenegger won the title of "Mr. Olympia" six times, worthy of competing with competitors to win. Since 1976, height has no longer played a decisive role in determining the leader, as before - the title of "Mr. Olympia" was won by Franco Colombo, an athlete of small stature, whose components of success were muscularity and almost no body fat, which required an almost scientific approach to training and strict diet.
In the 1970s increased interest in the International Bodybuilding Federation as the main organization uniting bodybuilders. Led by President Ben Vader and comprising more than 100 member countries, the IFAC has become the sixth of the world's largest sports federations. The competition for the title of "Mr. Olympia" is now considered the highest ranking professional championship in bodybuilding, which can be compared with the Wimbledon tennis tournament.
In 1980, Arnold Schwarzenegger returned to the sport and won the Mr. Olympia competition in Sydney, withstanding tough competition. In 1981 and 1982 the winners of the Olympia were veterans Franco Colombo and Chris Dickerson, but these were their last tournaments as the era of massive physique arrived. New names appear, new champions: Yoi Henie, with a massive and aesthetically proportioned physique, managed to win the title of "Mr. Olympia" eight times, after him came Dorian Yates, who also repeatedly won the "Olympia".
In the 1990s IFAC already includes 160 member countries. The federation becomes the fourth largest federation in the world. In 1997, bodybuilding received official recognition from the International Olympic Committee and became a full member of the Community of All Amateur Sports. Soon the Arnold Classic competition for men and Miss International for women, a competition in general physical development, a major trade exhibition of the health industry and exciting martial arts competitions, demonstration performances gained popularity. Currently, bodybuilding has become a whole industry of professional sports and recreation.
Bodybuilding is practiced to promote health and improve appearance, is used as a means of increasing self-esteem and self-confidence. Strength training is one of the most effective ways to stay fit.
Bodybuilding is strength, agility, willpower and endurance, determination, diligence and courage. This is not the whole list of factors that made this type one of the most popular and dynamically developing not only sports, but also popular types of healthy recreation in the world.
Just 2-3 strength training sessions per week, and the rest of the time you will feel more energetic and confident. And the perseverance and determination developed in these classes will help to achieve real success in other areas of life.
Elements of bodybuilding, included in the training process of football players, gymnasts, tennis players, athletes and representatives of other sports, significantly increase the effectiveness of training in the chosen sport, provide additional benefits to those who strive for victory, and help to quickly achieve high results in competitions. Thanks to perseverance, diligence and stable training, an athlete can achieve unprecedented results, fashion, like a sculptor, the necessary proportions, relief and contrast of muscles from his body. The vision of one's goal should inspire the athlete during each repetition of the exercise, after each series of exercises and consistently bring him closer to the cherished goal.
Lifestyle, consciousness and diet should also bring the athlete closer to the goal. Having created a mental image, you must sincerely desire its embodiment and confidently strive for it, dominating various life circumstances, realizing that bodybuilding is not a sport for weak-willed people.
Bodybuilding is evolving very quickly both at the competitive level and among amateur athletes. It has long been believed that muscle-building exercises led to excessive muscle development, which made human movements stiff and clumsy. However, demonstration performances of bodybuilders prove that they not only know how to demonstrate the beauty of their body, but also know how to move beautifully and plastically.
This is probably how the idea of ​​creating a new kind of sport arose - male fitness, which organically combines not only the demonstration of a proportionately folded figure with a symmetrical and moderate muscle relief, but also the ability to move plastically and perform power elements of acrobatics of various complexity.

WOMEN'S BODYBUILDING

Women's bodybuilding as a universally recognized national and international sport for amateurs and professionals has begun its victorious march. The beginning of modern bodybuilding competitions for women should be considered the 1970s, when the competition "The Best in the World" under the direction of George Cinder was a resounding success. In 1980, the National Physical Education Committee held the first women's championship, and the International Bodybuilding Federation sanctioned the first competition for the title. "Miss Olympia".
The first well-known female bodybuilder was Yoiza Yoaion, who invented a peculiar combination of muscle demonstration with dance moves. This combination is a distinctive feature of women's competitions up to our time. A graceful physique, combined with muscularity and personal charm, set the standard of excellence to which all female bodybuilders have aspired ever since.
Bodybuilding for women is a fairly new idea, so it's not surprising that there are controversies around it. Never before in history have women developed musculature for aesthetic purposes. Many do not approve of this type of activity for women and condemn the appearance of bodybuilders. Bodybuilding is a sport that suits both men and women equally. We live in a time when women are increasingly engaged in various activities that were previously forbidden to them.
Bodybuilding for women is just another example of this cultural transformation.
Most women focus on aerobics instead of strength training because they are convinced that gaining muscle mass will lead to a loss of femininity, and resort to extreme and unhealthy diets, which leads to muscle loss and increased bone fragility. Women in the fitness field know the benefits of a strength training and sports diet program, they enjoy good health and a wonderful feeling of a strong, toned and