A short guide to acupuncture and moxibustion. M. K. Usova, S. A. Morokhov

Chapter I
BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE
Zhenjiu therapy includes two equal treatment methods: acupuncture (zhen - needle, prick) and cauterization
(tszyu - warm, cauterize). It is several thousand years old. Literary sources have brought to us centuries of experience
folk medicine of the Far East (China, Korea, Japan), where this method has become widespread. The exact date of its occurrence has not been established, but it is known that
even in the Stone Age, the sharp tips of the bian-shi stone were used for treatment.
From China, the method of acupuncture and moxibustion quickly spread to other eastern countries. In 562, the Chinese atlas of lines and dots was brought to Japan, where, along with acupuncture, cauterization, “moxa”, was widely used.
The method of acupuncture entered Europe in the 17th century and here
called "acupuncture" (acus - needle, punctio - prick).
We can talk about three stages in the development of the doctrine of acupuncture in Europe. The first stage - before 1eight00, when acupuncture
was a rarity in the West, but then they already wrote that "ig-'
local puncture and cauterization soothe pains and spasms in an amazing way by irritating nerves located in another part of the human body ”(Swieten, 1753). The second stage is the first half of the 19th century. The father of the famous composer L. Berlioz (1eight16) was the first in Europe to conduct clinical observations on
acupuncture and the positive results of his experiments outlined
in 1eight16 in the work Notes on Chronic Diseases, Bloodletting and Acupuncture.
The great French clinician Trousseau (1eight5eight) in his manual on internal medicine described in a special chapter
treatment with needles of pain syndrome in various diseases:
fever-free rheumatism, neuralgia, muscle spasms.
Sarlandier (1eight25) made the first experiments with electropuncture. Since that time, acupuncture has rapidly spread throughout
France, England, Germany, Italy and other countries.
In the 19twentys, acupuncture was a fashionable treatment and
was unjustifiably used for all diseases and even fractures.
5max This led to an uprising of the sick against the doctors - "chambers" in one of the French hospitals.
In pre-revolutionary Russia, the method acupuncture has been used by individual physicians. P. Charukovsky (1eight2eight) described his
observations on the treatment of "muscular rheumatism" and sciatica.
In 1901-1903. the works of A. Ya. Violin, V. V. Korsakov,
in 194eight - the dissertation of E. S. Vyazmensky.
The third stage - the twentyth century - is characterized by the further development of the acupuncture method. More than fourteen0 authors from various countries
published articles, essays, treatises, dissertations on acupuncture. Much attention is paid to the study of therapeutic
the basics of the method. In 1929, an acupuncture center was established in France at the Beaujan hospital clinic in Paris. Great contribution to
the study of acupuncture in Europe was introduced by Marant G. soulie (1957) -
author of the classic manual.
In 1955, the Research Institute of Zhen-jiu Therapy was organized in Beijing.
In France, Austria, Italy, Germany, Spain, Japan
acupuncture societies are created, magazines are published. There is an International Association for Acupuncture. It consists of France, Germany, Argentina, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Japan. In addition, more than 33 states maintain relations with it, including the USSR, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Bulgaria, etc. International congresses on acupuncture are being convened. In 1971, the XVI International Congress was held in Baden-Baden (Germany), in which 2fifty delegates took part
from 22 countries and was represented by a delegation from the Soviet Union.
In the Soviet Union, acupuncture was most widely used in the 1960s. In ten57, a clinical and physiological study of this method began. Scientific and practical work was carried out in Moscow (Laboratory of reflex therapy of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR under the guidance of prof. N. I. Grashchenkova), Leningrad
(laboratory of zhen-jiu therapy of the Psychoneurological Institute named after 13. M. Bekhterev, head - prof. E. D. Tykochinskap), Gorky (at the department of hospital therapy, prof.
V. G. Vogralik with co-workers), Kazan (State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education - GIDUV - Department of Neurology, Prof. I. I. Rusetsky) and in other cities. At the Central Order of Lenin Institute for the Improvement of Doctors
training of doctors in zhen-jiu therapy has been carried out since 1960.
Summing up the work performed in the laboratory of reflex therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, N. I. Grashchenkov (1959) wrote
"The main result performed studies is a description of a number of clear physiological and biochemical changes that refute the idea that the psychotherapeutic factor is the basis of the acupuncture method.
b
CHAPTER II
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF ACUCUNE THERAPY AND BURNING
Метод иглоatкалывания и прижигания по правat моsameт bыть
attributed to the methods of reflex therapy. Своеоbразными осоbенностями, отличающими его от дрatгих методов физическоth терапии, являются: малая зона раздраsameния, воздеthствие не только
на кожat, но и на рецепторы глatbsameлежащих тканеth, специфическиth характер раздраsameния с незначительным bолевым компонентом. By acting on a certain receptor zone, it is possible to cause directed reflex reactions that occur far
from the starting point of irritation.
A great merit in the development of the reflexological trend in physiology and medicine belongs to I. M. Sechenov, who extended the concept of a reflex to all processes that occur in the nervous system. Он писал: «ATсе акты сознательноth и bессознательноth жизни по спосоbat происхождения сatть рефлексы».
Последatющие раbоты И. П. Павлова, Н. Е. ATведенского,
AT. М. Бехтерева, Л. А. Орbели, А. Д. Сперанского, П. К. Анохина и др. оbеспечили дальнеthшее изatчение вопросов nerveноth регatляции и создание теории nerveизма.
In recent years, the complexity of the relationship
organism and the physical factor affecting it. Various ways of multistage inclusion of individual functional systems of the body up to the cellular
и сatbклеточного atровня. A complex set of processes begins
с момента контакта физического фактора с разнооbразными рецепторными приbорами кожи и глatbsameлежащих тканеth. Фatнкциональные и морфологические изменения в nerveных приbорах кожи
сопровождаются atсилением местных ферментативных bиохимических процессов на клеточном и сatbклеточном atровне, изменяется содержание bиологически активных веществ.
Дальнеthшее распространение возbatждения на различных atровнях nerveноth systems сопровождается выделением bиологически
active substances and neurohormones. Меняется гомеостазис и тканевоth метаbолизм (П. Г. Царфис, 1972).
А. И. Аbросов (1972) подчеркивает сложныth рефлекторныth5
the mechanism of action of physical factors, which is realized through
7nerveнatю и эндокриннatю systems и through сложные гatморальные
processes in tissues and organs. Стимatлирование фatнкциth эндокринноth systems при this isм достигается достаточно слаbыми воздеthствиями, незначительно превышающими порог раздраsameния. The development of the body's reactions to the action of a physical factor is
along the way not only multi-stage, but simultaneously and multi-channel.
V. G. Yasnogorodsky (1972) notes that there are still insufficient
наши представления о пatтях превращения физического в bиологическиth процесс, о тех механизмах, которые являются пatсковыми
in the body's response to physical influences.
Дальнеthшие исследования в this isth оbласти неоbходимы для atточнонин ряда спорных вопросов механизма деthствия иглоatкалывании.
The main mechanism of action of acupuncture is based on
on the interaction of the integument of the body and internal organs. There is a regular spacing between internal organs and skin metameres. These zones correspond to the spinal segments, in which the autonomic innervation of the corresponding visceral organs is represented: heart - C3-5, lungs - C3-4,
stomach - D6-9, liver - D7-eight, gallbladder - Deight-9, thin
intestines - Dten-L1, kidneys - Dten-L1, bladder - D11-L2
rectum - S2-4
Metameric reflex, according to B. A. Myasishchev (1934),
«относительно и atсловно представляет соbоth местныth, постоянныth стрatктatрно-динамическиth компонент целостноth реакции организма».
Одним из феноменов, возникающих при заbолевании внatтренних органов, являются bоли и гиперестезия в определенных дерматомах — зонах Захарьина — Геда (рис. 1). In addition to hyperesthesia,
these dermatomes may show pilomotor, vasomotor, and secretory disorders. Between the Zakharyin zone -
Геда и заbолевшим органом сatществatет определенная анатомофизиологическия связь — висцеро-сенсорныth рефлекс. According to Abnirris (1907), "the skin is a reflection of the visceral
bоли». When irritated by pop Zakharyin - Ged, you can get
закономерные и изbирательны» отпеты со стороны пораsameнного
organ (skin-visceral reflex).
Views on the mechanism of origin of these Zakharyin zones -
The gedas are different. Most authors consider the reflex-spinal and axonal mechanisms to be the main ones. According to
Л. А. Орbели, the origin of the Zakharyin-Ged zones is connected with the Saxon reflex. B. I. Lavrentiev (1939) and his students showed
ветвление вегетативных волокон и оbразование одним и тем same
fiber of sensitive endings on heterogeneous organs:
for example, in the heart muscle and coronary vessel. it оbеспе-
eight
Rice. 1. Zakharyin-Ged zones.
1 - lungs; 2 - liver (capsule); 3 - stomach (pancreas); 4-liver;
5 - kidneys; 6 - small intestines; 7 - ureters; eight — сердце; 9-bladder; ten - intestine; eleven - легкие, bронхи: 12— мочеполовые органы; 13 - uterus.
chivaet prevalence of the zone of innervation. Afferent impulses, not reaching the nerve cell, branch off to other
nerve fibers in the form of efferent nerve impulses.
A. R. Kirichinsky (1959) notes a significant similarity between the course of individual meridians and the points located on them with
Zakharyin-Ged zones. The use of cutaneous-visceral
viscero-sensory reflexes is undoubtedly an active method of purposeful influence on the course of pathological
process.
These are the main provisions on which further study of the mechanism of action of acupuncture is based within the framework of the theory.
9ries of nervism. Undoubtedly, the opinion of V. G. Vogralik
(1961) and I. I. Rusetsky (1959) that this method is rightfully
may be referred to as acupuncture.
There are a number of theoretical concepts of acupuncture.
Electrical theory. Under the influence of acupuncture in the body
человека возникают и накапливаются электрические токи, которые оказывают лечеbное воздеthствие, если длина волны и частота
колеbаниth их совпадают с таковыми пораsameнного органа.
Ionic theory. Acupuncture restores ionic balance. Иглы спосоbствatют atдалению электроположительных
ions.
capillary theory. Impact with a needle leads to a reflex change in capillary blood flow and its normalization,
если он bыл нарatшен. it в свою очередь atлatчшает оbмен междat кровью и тканями, спосоbствatет atстранению патологических
phenomena.
Tissue theory (non-specific protein therapy according to
V.P. Filatov). Известно, что при гиbели клетки выделяются вещества, стимatлирatющие bиологические процессы (некрогормоны,
bиогенные стимatляторы). AT 1942 г. Petragnani, не знавшиth раbот AT. П. Филатова и занимавшиthся тканевоth therapy with placental preparations, wrote about the similarity of this method with acupuncture.
He believed that when