The formation of the correct swimming skill is possible if the teacher, in the process of teaching schoolchildren to swim, most appropriately uses the laws of human interaction with the aquatic environment. In recent years, with the help of objective research methods, experimental work has been carried out to determine effective ways to improve the technique and methodology of teaching swimming to children and adolescents. The results of these studies are used in the present work.
Swimming consists of four sections, which are called sports, game, applied and figured (artistic) swimming.
Sports swimming contains various types of competitions in types and distances determined by special rules. Competitions are held in pools of standard sizes (25 and 50 m) at distances from 50 to 1500 m, as well as in open water in the form of swims at different distances.
In competitions, sports (correct) swimming methods are used, which, compared with original methods, have a great advantage in speed.
Game swimming contains a variety of outdoor games and entertainment in the water. Such swimming is used mainly in the education and training of young swimmers. Games evoke great emotions, increase the activity of children, promote the emergence of initiative, foster a sense of camaraderie, etc.
Applied swimming includes techniques for rescuing a drowning person, diving in length and depth, as well as overcoming water obstacles.
Figured (artistic) swimming is a variety of movements, composed of elements of choreography using acrobatic and gymnastic combinations to build various figures in the water. Figure swimming can be group and solo.
In our country, people of all ages are engaged in swimming. However, the bulk of the people who study the ways of swimming and take part in competitions are children.
No less great is the health-improving value of swimming. Water cleanses human skin, improves skin respiration and strengthens the skin itself. It causes an increase in the activity of various internal organs: breathing quickens, heart rate increases, the tone of peripheral blood vessels changes, and metabolism increases. This is explained by the fact that water, in comparison with air, has an increased thermal conductivity and heat capacity, as well as a significant density, as a result of which heat transfer and water pressure on the surface of the human body increase dramatically.
Swimming is such a physical exercise that contributes to the growth of the body of adolescents, since during swimming a person is in conditions of partial weightlessness and in a horizontal position, as a result of which the spine is temporarily unloaded from normal gravitational loads.
Swimming helps to improve the functioning of all body systems, and especially the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. During intensive swimming, the heart rate of a young swimmer who is in a state of sportsmanship can increase 3-4 times and reach 150-200 beats/min. .
When swimming in any way, the athlete adapts the rhythm of breathing to the rhythm of movements: for each cycle of movement, he takes one energetic breath and one exhalation into the water.
Swimming has a positive effect on the state of the central nervous system: excessive excitability and irritability are eliminated, self-confidence appears. This is a consequence of the beneficial effect of the aquatic environment and exercise on the child's body.
Swimming hardens the body of children and adolescents. Frequent changes in environmental temperatures produce protective reactions in the body. As a result, the body's resistance to colds increases.
It should be remembered that once acquired the skill of swimming is retained by a person for life. The ability to swim is necessary for every person who has chosen a profession that is in contact with actions on the water (building bridges, dams, fishing, etc.). The ability to swim well, to overcome water obstacles by swimming and with the help of improvised means is necessary for all military personnel.
Thus, swimming as a physical exercise that harmoniously develops and strengthens the human body, helps to increase its motor capabilities and improve the quality of a number of movements that it needs in everyday life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that swimming is one of the main means of the Soviet system of physical education.
WHAT IS SWIMMING TECHNIQUE?
The technique of sports swimming is understood as a system of movements, which allows you to realize your motor abilities in a high result. The concept covers the form, character, the relationship of movements, as well as the ability of a swimmer to feel and use all the forces acting on his body to move forward. The concepts of "swimming technique", "motor abilities", "technical and tactical skills" are inseparable. The improvement of these aspects of sportsmanship is always carried out in unity. In the work of the Youth Sports School coach, priority should still be given to improving the technical skills of swimmers.
Swimming technique is varied. It is constantly evolving. Examples are the changes that are taking place before our eyes in the technique of breaststroke swimming with a short-term inside-cycle "diving", the butterfly swimming technique with a relatively flat position of the shoulder girdle and elastic continuous movements of the legs, the crawl swimming technique with a long power stroke, the technique of performing starts and turns with a long exit under water.
Original elements of technique can be noted from our Honored Masters of Sports Alexander Popov, Denis Pankratov, and others, and from the new generation - Honored Master of Sports Roman Sludnov, international class masters of sports Olga Bakaldina, Dmitry Komornikov, Anatoly Polyakov and others.
Today, in each way of swimming, there are several options for technology. We find a great variety in the individual manner of performing individual elements of technology. The origins of diversity are in the constant creative work of the coach and the athlete to improve the technique, taking into account: 1) the individual characteristics of the athlete, 2) the laws of biomechanics, 3) the richest experience of the national swimming school and new trends in the development of world swimming, 4) competition rules.
The sports technique of a high-class swimmer is individual. The nature of the athlete's movements depends on his talent, sports experience, physique, flexibility and strength, etc. etc.
But it would be a delusion behind the individual characteristics of the swimmer's movements not to see the general patterns and characteristics inherent in rational variants of technique. Variability of movements, individual deviations are acceptable. But at the same time, the boundaries of these deviations are specified. Boundaries narrow when it comes to key elements of any type of technology.
For decades, coaches have experimented with answering two basic questions: 1) how to reduce the counter hydrodynamic resistance of the swimmer's body when moving forward at high speed and 20 how to increase the power and efficiency of the strokes that propel the swimmer forward. The most effective elements of movements and their coordination were identified and tested by time. Views on the technique of swimming were clarified, taking into account the laws of biomechanics. Thus, the general requirements for a rational swimming technique gradually developed.
HISTORY OF STYLE BRASS
Breaststroke is the oldest of the sports swimming methods, its history goes back more than ten thousand years. A very similar style is depicted in the Egyptian Cave of the Swimmers, whose rock art dates back to 9,000 BC. e. An Assyrian drawing from 1292-1225 is known. BC e., изображающий плывущего брассом солдата.
One of the first known descriptions of the breaststroke technique is given in a book by the Dane Nicolas Winman and dates back to 1538. In the medieval breaststroke, also described in the book The Art of Swimming (1699) by the French author Melkizedek Thevenot, the head was always above the water, and the driving force was created with the help of the shins, and not the feet. It was only at the beginning of the 19th century that the "frog kick" with legs began to be used. One of the most famous swims of the 19th century was the breaststroke across the English Channel by Captain Matthew Webb in 1875. Despite the fact that breaststroke is very reminiscent of the movements of a frog and was called “frog swimming” for a long time, the modern word appeared in the 20th century and comes from fr. "brasse" - "shrug". Sometimes breaststroke is called the "Russian style", since Soviet and Russian athletes often won the Olympics and World Championships.
Start of the 200m breaststroke final at the 1908 Olympics
In 1904 breaststroke was included in the program of the Olympic Games in the form of a swim over a distance of 440 yards (402 meters), only men were allowed to compete. At the next games, it was replaced by the 200 meters, which has been present at every Olympics since then. The second distance at the 1912 and 1920 Olympics was the 400m. Since 1924, the 200-meter swims among women have been held at the Olympics, and since 1968, the 200-meter race for both men and women has been added 100 meters.
Until the 1930s athletes swam with their heads on the surface. Representatives of the Soviet school (in particular, ZMS L.K. Meshkov) were among the first to lower their faces into the water while bringing their hands forward. In 1935, a variety of breaststroke appeared - the butterfly, which was allowed to be used in breaststroke competitions. At first it was a hybrid of the breaststroke-butterfly, it differed from the classic breaststroke only in arm movements similar to the flapping of butterfly wings, this option was used by athletes in competitions at various levels until the mid-1950s. Almost at the same time as the one mentioned above, the next type of butterfly began to spread, in which the leg movements are already different from the classic breaststroke, the “dolphin”. However, already