Andijan (uzb. Andijon, Andijon) is a city in Uzbekistan, the administrative center of the Andijan region, as well as its economic and cultural center. It is located in the southwestern part of the Ferghana Valley near the Uzbek-Kyrgyz border.
One of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley. In some parts of the city, archaeological objects dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries AD have been found. Historically, Andijan occupied an important place on the Great Silk Road. The city is best known as the birthplace of Babur, who established the Mughal Empire in India.
Andijan is an important industrial city of the country. Industrial goods produced in the city include chemicals, household appliances, electronics, food, furniture, plows, pumps, shoes, agricultural machine parts, various engineering tools, and wheelchairs.

Geography, climate
The climate of Andijan is subtropical inland. It is located in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley at an altitude of 490 m above sea level, on the ancient deposits of the Andijansay River, 260 km southeast of Tashkent (360 km by road), 40 km northwest of Osh. Fertile soils, an abundance of heat and light, a long frost-free period (about 210 days a year) favor the cultivation of heat-loving crops in the vicinity of the city - cotton, mulberry, citrus and other subtropical crops. Andijan is surrounded by the foothills of the Pamirs and the Tien Shan, which are covered with snowy peaks in the summer, and in the lower reaches are shrouded in forest groves of walnuts and coniferous forests. Winters are usually mild, short, winds are weaker than in the western parts of the valley: an average of 5 meters per second, and the average annual rainfall is 232 mm per year. Summer is less hot, comparatively, than in Central Asia.

The vegetation of Andijan is diverse and rich, the city itself is decorated with exotic, decorative, subtropical, fruit, citrus, nut, coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs, floriculture and plant growing are widely developed. In the city, in the forest nursery named after Schneider and the botanical garden "Arboretum" for a hundred years, plants collected from all world continents and plants included in the Red Book of Uzbekistan and the USSR grew. During the years of Independence of Uzbekistan, great importance was attached to planting exotic and subtropical crops, to replace the year-round littering "Chinara", which emits carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen and not vice versa, like all plants, exotic palm trees of various varieties began to be planted on city streets, squares, alleys and near administrative buildings: dates, oilseeds, Forchun's trachycarpus (Trachycarpus fortunei), palm-shaped sabal; ornamental trees: Japanese saffora, yellow and red sakura, cercis, white and pink acacia, white and black mulberry, Adam's apple maclura (fruits similar to large oranges, only green and inedible); deciduous trees: carob tree, tulip tree, Karelian birch, common hornbeam, ash, Canadian maple, black fat poplar, weeping willow, linden, alder, elm, elm and many others. Coniferous species have taken root well in Andijan for many decades, and over the past 25 years, coniferous and fir trees have become very popular in the city, especially common and blue spruce, juniper, juniper, fir, cypress, pine, and cedar. Chestnuts and walnuts are also planted in Andijan, almonds, pistachios, persimmons, jida, unabi, pomegranates, wine trees (yellow and black figs), laurel and various fruit trees grow in the yards. In recent years, many lemon gardens have appeared in the city of Andijan and its suburbs and began to grow kiwifruit. The suburbs of Andijan, especially the foothills, are rich in fir, juniper forests, sea buckthorn groves, and walnut forests in the east of the region. Nature "did not rest" when it created beautiful corners in this fertile region, including subtropical alpine meadows of high uplands, hills and adyrs in springtime acquire a red color from wild-growing poppies and tulips.

Religion
Most of the population are Sunni Muslims.
The city has the Church of All Saints and the Chapel of St. George the Victorious, also existed in different years: the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on the street. Pushkin and the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh on the street. Independence (former Lenin Square)
In 1933-1935, a priest lived in Andijan, the future Archbishop of Simferopol Luka (Voyno-Yasenetsky), who worked here as the head of a department in the Andijan city hospital. From 1937 to 1941 in the city of Andijan in administrative exile then still a hieromonk, was the future Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Pimen (Patriarch of Moscow) - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1971-1990.

History
Antiquity
Andijan is one of the oldest cities in the world (founded in the 6th-4th century BC), archaeologists have recently established that the territory of the modern city has been inhabited for more than 2500 years.
In written sources, it became known from the 9th century under the name Andukan, from the 15th century - Andigan is mentioned as the capital of a feudal state, In the 16th century - Andijan in the annals of Z. Babur (the founder of the Mughal Empire, born in 1483 in Andijan), it is written: “in Andijan, in the capital of the region, Fergana, there are three gates, the Ark is larger than in Andijan, there are only in Kesh and Samarkand. Also in the mention of Andijan in "Babur-Nama" it is reflected: "Not a man worthy of honor, one who has not seen Andijan, who does not remember Andijan in his heavenly wanderings."

The etymological interpretation of the origin of the name of the city of Andijan is rich and includes more than one folk legend:
The emergence of the city is associated with the name of the Turanian princess Adinajan, the daughter of Afrosiab, the legendary ruler of ancient Turan. In search of healing opportunities, the seriously ill princess arrived in one of the mountain valleys of the foothills of Takhti Suleiman, where she managed to overcome her serious chronic illnesses. In honor of her healing, Afrosiab built a castle for the princess in this miraculous valley with outlandish nature and laid a vast garden there. Since then, this area, located in the lower reaches of the mountain river Oshsai, became known as Adinajan, and the city, erected there later, was turned by Afrosiab into the capital of his majestic Turan.
The emergence of the toponym is directly related to the Turkic-speaking peoples "adok", "azok" and "andi". Popular rumor says that in ancient times these lands were inhabited by the Andi tribe, that is, the Hindus, and therefore the area began to be called "Andukan", or "Refuge of the Hindus."
The name of the city is associated with the name of the so-called "discoverer" of the region, who laid the foundation for the future city. His name was Andy. So, in honor of the ancient builder-architect, the city was named "Andijan".
The Russian historian V.P. Nalivkin believes that the toponym "Andigan" appeared due to the name of the Turkic tribe Andi. The point is that before For some time, residents of neighboring regions often called Andijan Uzbeks by the name Andi, and they claimed that they, Andi, were of the same origin as those Turks who lived in the cities of Central Asia.
According to V.V. Bartold, Andijan was founded by the Mongol khans at the end of the 13th century, where the Turks from different tribes and clans were transferred, and at the end of the 15th century. Andijan was considered in Fergana to be a Turkic city par excellence, if the Mongols were inherent in destroying and destroying, then the city of Andijan, on the contrary, they rebuilt and transformed.
The state of Andia existed in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. 2) Andi is a meeting place and kurultais of the Turkic tribes to resolve friendly and important issues (the phrase Kuda-Anda is a free translation of “brother-in-laws”).
The toponym "Andikan" can mean "a settlement located on the banks of the river", that is, the blissful "Embankment city" (when describing Andijan, Z. Babur emphasized that the Andijan River (a tributary of the Karadarya), having passed through the outskirts of the valley, flows into Andijan along nine channels, and surprisingly, it does not come out in any place).
In the VI century BC. e. By the time the Achaemenid troops conquered Central Asia, Andijan was able to maintain its independence, which led to the emergence of the state of Davan with its capital in the city of Ershi (a suburb of Andijan), the beginning of the period of changing bronze tools to iron, the development of agriculture with artificial irrigation, cattle breeding, including breeding "heavenly horses”, which served as the beginning of a military conflict between the state of Davan and the Chinese Empire (where China lost).

Ancient Andugan was located at the intersection of the caravan routes of the Great Silk Road.
in the II-IV centuries BC. e. the development of the pottery culture of the Davan state took place.
in the 1st-3rd century A.D. e. the "Eilatan culture" was born, the arts developed and the city grew.
in the 5th century AD e. Turkic-speaking tribes migrated to the Andijan region, and the process of Turkization of the indigenous population took place.
in the 7th-8th centuries AD. e. Arabs invaded the territory of Andijan, which marked the beginning of the Islamization of the population.
in the 9th century, the Arab caliphate collapsed, Andijan became part of the Samanid state and became one of the main centers of the Ferghana Valley.
in the 10th century Andijan became part of the Karakhanid state,
in the 11th century Andijan entered the composition of the Dzhigatai state, ruled by the Chingizids.
In the 14th century, Andijan became part of the Timurid state, science, art, and architecture developed.
In the 15th century, Andijan became part of the Sheibanid