Lady Willoughby de Eresby (Lincolnshire) and Mr Morrison (Walham Green), who received two quality lines of pugs, called Willoughby pugs and Morrison pugs. Subsequently, the dogs were crossed among themselves, which greatly improved the breed.

In the 17th century in Spain, pugs were called "turkveit" or "dogiglio", in Italy - "cajanlino" or "camuse", in Germany - "mopshund", in England - "read" or "pug".

Pugs first came to Russia at the end of the 19th century, but after the revolution they again disappeared for a long time. Only in the 1980s. breeding pugs engaged in professionally. Breeding in Russia began with 5 dogs, and by 1989 there were already about 80 beautiful, healthy individuals in the country. Clubs and nurseries began to open, regional and international exhibitions were held. It should be said that competent breeders with extensive experience in this field have been and are breeding pugs. Therefore, to date, the number of pugs in Russia has increased significantly, and the quality of the breed meets international standards. In this regard, Russian pugs have a good reputation abroad, they are popular with foreign dog breeders. Currently, pugs are considered one of the most common breeds not only in Europe, but also in America and Australia.

2. Features of the breed, its standard
For many centuries, a person has been engaged in fixing certain character traits and exterior in pugs. The results of this work are recorded in the breed standard.

Pugs are energetic, courageous dogs, somewhat stubborn, jealous, distrustful, but friendly, love to be in the spotlight. The temperament is balanced, the character is independent, calm.

About dogs of this breed they say “multumim parvo”, which means “much in little”. The pug has a massive, somewhat rounded head, balanced with the body, without a longitudinal furrows in the middle, with pronounced brow ridges, covered with deep symmetrical folds of skin.

The skull is slightly domed between the ears. The forehead is flat, covered with deep symmetrical wrinkles and folds. The transition from the forehead to the muzzle is sharp, deep. The muzzle is short, square, straight, with a black mask and a longitudinal fold of skin on the bridge of the nose.

The nose is rather large, black. A thick skin fold passes over the dog's nose, completely hiding the back of the nose. Warts on the sides of the muzzle serve as a kind of decoration.

Pug lips are fleshy, black, tightly closed. The teeth are strong, white, the incisors are of equal length, located on the same line. The bite is a tight bite. The dog's teeth and tongue are not visible when the mouth is closed. Jaws are strong and wide. The width of the lower jaw of a pug is equal to the width of the skull. The chin is wide. The eyes are large, bulging, dark, shiny.

Pugs are very energetic, but balanced
The ears of the dog are black, soft, velvety, thin, small, triangular in shape, with rounded ends, set high and wide, hanging on the cartilage, close to the skull. The scalp is covered with deep wrinkles and folds. The neck of the pug is powerful, short, with folded skin.

The body is rounded, strongly knitted, with short, soft, dense, close-lying, glossy hair. The color of the coat is beige in various shades: apricot, fawn, golden peach, silver or black.

The withers are pronounced, turning into a straight topline. The height at the withers is 25–30 cm. The back is short, strong, and muscular. The shoulder blades are long, obliquely set, tightly pressed to the back. The loin is short, muscular, slightly arched. The croup is muscular, rounded, moderately sloping. The tail is tightly twisted into a ring, set high. The chest is wide, rounded, with strong elastic ribs.

The forelimbs are straight, parallel, muscular, with strong bones. Shoulders are straight, powerful, muscular. Elbows pointing back and pressed to the body, located directly under the withers. Forearm short, parallel to each other.

The thighs are powerful, wide, muscular. Articulation angles are coordinated with the angles of the forelimbs. Lower legs of medium length, parallel to each other.

Paws are slightly elongated, arched, with short strong claws and dense black pads.

3. Feeding the dog
Proper balanced nutrition plays an important role in the life of dogs. Not only the general condition of the animal, its mood, but also health directly depends on it.

Proper nutrition of dogs is one of the most important conditions for their maintenance. Violation of the regimen and inadequate feeding are the main reasons for the weakening of the animal's body, which ultimately leads to the emergence of various diseases.

Dogs are both unpretentious and at the same time demanding on food. It is necessary that the simplicity of food be combined with a strict feeding regimen. The quantity, quality of food and the number of feedings of dogs depend on the individual characteristics of the breed.

Puppies and young dogs need to be fed more often and in greater quantities than adult animals. This is due to the fact that during the growth period much more energy is expended. Their development directly depends on the correct feeding of young dogs. Adult animals are fed less often and less to avoid obesity.

The daily requirement of dogs for food depends on factors such as age, gender, weight.

Composition of food
The nutritional and energy value of food directly depends on the amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals they contain.

Squirrels
Protein is the main source of various amino acids, which contributes to the formation of new cells in the dog's body and its growth. The most valuable is the protein of animal origin (meat), since only it contains the necessary amount of amino acids, balanced in composition. These are lysine, tryptophan, methionine.

The average requirement of adult dogs for proteins is 15 g per 1 kg of live weight, puppies and young dogs - 30 g.

Fats
Fat is a high-calorie nutrient. It is an integral part of the protoplasm of cells. Fats участвуют в обмене веществ и оказывают влияние на процесс пищеварения. The need for dogs in fats depends on the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contained in them and averages 25 g per day.

The average requirement of adult dogs for lipids is 1.32 g per 1 kg of live weight, young animals - 2.64 g.

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are a source of energy, but to a lesser extent than proteins and fats. They are included in almost all tissues and participate in metabolism. Carbohydrates довольно быстро распадаются, так как содержат большое количество быстроусвояемых кислот.

The main source of carbohydrates is potatoes. The course of vital biological metabolic processes in the dog's body depends on sugars, starch and glucose. Fiber is involved in the processes of removing waste and undecayed substances.

The need of an adult dog for carbohydrates is 5-6 g per 1 kg of live weight, young - 8-10 g.

The diet should include carbohydrates - a source of energy
vitamins
From the vitamins contained in the diet of a dog, its health directly depends. Lack of vitamins often leads to negative consequences that may be irreversible.

Vitamin A (and its provitamin carotene) is an essential component of a dog's daily diet. The presence of vitamin A in animal food is especially important during the period of growth and development of dogs of this breed, including such periods of special physiological activity of the animal as mating, pregnancy, lactation.

Pugs need vitamins to develop normally.
An insufficient amount of vitamin A leads to the fact that the growth process stops in puppies, immunity to various diseases decreases. In adult dogs, the speed of perception of various visual images sharply decreases, and sexual dysfunction occurs. Vitamin A is found in large quantities in carrots, tomatoes, greens, liver, milk, fish oil and egg yolk. Pro-vitamin A is found in red or orange fruits and vegetables.

vitamins группы В необходимы для развития мышц. In addition, this group of vitamins affects the health of the skin and coat. The absence or lack of B vitamins often leads to hair loss of the animal, dermatoses. In large quantities, the vitamin is found in brewer's yeast, liver, dairy products, potatoes and greens.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is no less important than all of the above. Ascorbic acid prevents gum and joint diseases. In addition, the presence of vitamin C in the dog's daily diet helps to increase the body's resistance to colds. Vitamin C is found in large quantities in fruits and vegetables.

Vitamin D protects the body of a growing dog from rickets, helps to strengthen bones, tendon ligaments. In large quantities, this vitamin is found in the liver and fish oil.

Vitamin E, often referred to as the reproduction vitamin, is essential for dogs during mating and pregnancy. In large quantities, this trace element is found in carrots, beets, greens and cereals (especially wheat).

mineral salts
In addition to all these vitamins, there are many other trace elements necessary for the normal growth and development of animals. The lack of mineral salts and trace elements often leads to mineral starvation and the occurrence of various diseases in dogs. The most common animal diseases are bone fragility and nervous system disorders.

Minerals, unlike vitamins, are inorganic in nature and, when ingested by a dog, are absorbed in the form of salts. The most important trace elements are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, chlorine and iodine. The norm of their consumption for adults and young dogs per 1 kg of live weight is as follows (the norm for young dogs is indicated in brackets): calcium - 264 (528) mg; phosphorus - 220 (440) mg; table salt - 375 (530) mg; iron - 1.32 (1.32) mg; potassium - 220 (440) mg; magnesium - 11 (22) mg; iodine - 0.03 (0.06) mg.

Natural feed
Natural foods include